{"id":34522,"date":"2023-07-13T16:33:07","date_gmt":"2023-07-14T00:33:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/?page_id=34522"},"modified":"2026-01-06T11:29:56","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T19:29:56","slug":"plastic","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/plastic","title":{"rendered":"Loi plastique"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light generichero has-palette-color-5-color has-text-color\" style=\"margin-top:0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2200\" height=\"440\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-48846\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Plastic-Law-header-hero-no-text.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Plastic-Law-header-hero-no-text.jpg 2200w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Plastic-Law-header-hero-no-text-336x67.jpg 336w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Plastic-Law-header-hero-no-text-771x154.jpg 771w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Plastic-Law-header-hero-no-text-768x154.jpg 768w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Plastic-Law-header-hero-no-text-1536x307.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Plastic-Law-header-hero-no-text-2048x410.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Plastic-Law-header-hero-no-text-18x4.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2200px) 100vw, 2200px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-palette-color-5-background-color has-background-dim-40 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\"><span style=\"color: var(--theme-palette-color-7, #ffffff)\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Plastic Law<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitemain is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column subsitenavcol is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-right-width:1px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"align wp-block-ocb-offcanvas\" id='ocbOffCanvas-2' data-props='{&quot;attributes&quot;:{&quot;cId&quot;:&quot;4f3918ed-7&quot;,&quot;btnText&quot;:&quot;Menu&quot;,&quot;btnTypo&quot;:{&quot;fontSize&quot;:15,&quot;fontWeight&quot;:600,&quot;styles&quot;:&quot;font-weight: 600; font-size: 15px; line-height: 135%;&quot;,&quot;googleFontLink&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;btnColors&quot;:{&quot;color&quot;:&quot;#fff&quot;,&quot;bg&quot;:&quot;#4527a4&quot;,&quot;bgType&quot;:&quot;solid&quot;,&quot;gradient&quot;:&quot;linear-gradient(135deg, #4527a4, #8344c5)&quot;,&quot;styles&quot;:&quot;color: #fff; background: #4527a4;&quot;},&quot;popupBG&quot;:{&quot;color&quot;:&quot;#fff&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;solid&quot;,&quot;gradient&quot;:&quot;linear-gradient(135deg, #4527a4, #8344c5)&quot;,&quot;image&quot;:[],&quot;position&quot;:&quot;center center&quot;,&quot;attachment&quot;:&quot;initial&quot;,&quot;repeat&quot;:&quot;no-repeat&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;cover&quot;,&quot;overlayColor&quot;:&quot;#000000b3&quot;,&quot;styles&quot;:&quot;background: #fff;&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;titleTypo&quot;:{&quot;fontSize&quot;:18,&quot;fontWeight&quot;:500,&quot;styles&quot;:&quot;font-weight: 500; font-size: 18px; line-height: 135%;&quot;,&quot;googleFontLink&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;align&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;start&quot;,&quot;btnAlign&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;titleColor&quot;:&quot;#333&quot;,&quot;headerBg&quot;:{&quot;color&quot;:&quot;#0000&quot;},&quot;closeBtnColor&quot;:&quot;#555&quot;,&quot;closeBtnIcon&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;offCanvasSettings&quot;:{&quot;options&quot;:{&quot;backdrop&quot;:false,&quot;closeOnClickOutside&quot;:false,&quot;toggleShow&quot;:false,&quot;scrollable&quot;:true,&quot;isTriggerOnCustomSelector&quot;:false,&quot;isShowDefaultTrigger&quot;:false,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:400,&quot;easing&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;slideDirection&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;isShowButtonIcon&quot;:false,&quot;header&quot;:{&quot;isShow&quot;:true,&quot;titlePosition&quot;:&quot;start&quot;},&quot;smartTrigger&quot;:{&quot;enabled&quot;:false,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;targetSelector&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;frequency&quot;:&quot;session&quot;,&quot;delay&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;scrollDepth&quot;:&quot;50&quot;,&quot;inactivityPeriod&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}},&quot;triggerSelector&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;showBtn&quot;:{&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg 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clip-rule=&#039;evenodd&#039;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;right&quot;}},&quot;offCanvasStyles&quot;:{&quot;popupArea&quot;:{&quot;horizontalWidth&quot;:{&quot;desktop&quot;:&quot;100%&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;:&quot;100%&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;:&quot;100%&quot;},&quot;verticalWidth&quot;:{&quot;desktop&quot;:&quot;350px&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;:&quot;350px&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;:&quot;350px&quot;},&quot;horizontalHeight&quot;:{&quot;desktop&quot;:&quot;30vh&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;:&quot;30vh&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;:&quot;30vh&quot;},&quot;verticalHeight&quot;:{&quot;desktop&quot;:&quot;100vh&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;:&quot;100vh&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;:&quot;100vh&quot;},&quot;shadow&quot;:[{&quot;hOffset&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;vOffset&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;blur&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;spread&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;color&quot;:&quot;rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16)&quot;,&quot;isInset&quot;:false}]},&quot;showBtn&quot;:{&quot;hoverColors&quot;:{&quot;color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bg&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;padding&quot;:{&quot;desktop&quot;:{&quot;top&quot;:&quot;8px&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;20px&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;8px&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;20px&quot;},&quot;tablet&quot;:{&quot;top&quot;:&quot;8px&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;20px&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;8px&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;20px&quot;},&quot;mobile&quot;:{&quot;top&quot;:&quot;8px&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;20px&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;8px&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;20px&quot;}},&quot;margin&quot;:{&quot;desktop&quot;:{&quot;top&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;},&quot;tablet&quot;:{&quot;top&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;},&quot;mobile&quot;:{&quot;top&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;}},&quot;border&quot;:{&quot;color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;style&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;borderRadius&quot;:{&quot;top&quot;:&quot;3px&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;3px&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;3px&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;3px&quot;},&quot;shadow&quot;:[{&quot;hOffset&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;vOffset&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;blur&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;spread&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isInset&quot;:false}],&quot;hoverShadow&quot;:[{&quot;hOffset&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;vOffset&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;blur&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;spread&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isInset&quot;:false}],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;size&quot;:16,&quot;color&quot;:&quot;#fff&quot;,&quot;hoverColor&quot;:&quot;&quot;}},&quot;backdrop&quot;:{&quot;bg&quot;:{&quot;color&quot;:&quot;rgba(0, 0, 0)&quot;},&quot;opacity&quot;:0.1,&quot;blur&quot;:0},&quot;closeBtn&quot;:{&quot;bg&quot;:&quot;#0000&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:16,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;top-right&quot;,&quot;shadow&quot;:[{&quot;hOffset&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;vOffset&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;blur&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;spread&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;color&quot;:&quot;rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16)&quot;,&quot;isInset&quot;:false}]}},&quot;TrpContentRestriction&quot;:{&quot;restriction_type&quot;:&quot;exclude&quot;,&quot;selected_languages&quot;:[],&quot;panel_open&quot;:true}},&quot;content&quot;:&quot;\\n\\n&lt;ul class=\\&quot;wp-block-list\\&quot;&gt;\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#introduction\\&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#falsesolutions\\&quot;&gt;False Solutions&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#lawsrequiringlesstoxics\\&quot;&gt;Laws Requiring Less Toxics in Plastic&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#bansonsingleuse\\&quot;&gt;Bans on Single-Use Plastic&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#bansonimportexport\\&quot;&gt;Bans on Import\\\/Export of Waste&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#taxesfeesonsingleuse\\&quot;&gt;Taxes and Fees on Single-Use Products&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#depositrefundsystems\\&quot;&gt;Deposit Refund Systems (DRS)&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#extendproducerresponsibility\\&quot;&gt;Extend Producer Responsibility&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#aboutthisproject\\&quot;&gt;About This Project&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n&lt;\\\/ul&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;div class=\\&quot;wp-block-columns librarycta is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-e761e23f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\\&quot; id=\\&quot;librarycta\\&quot; style=\\&quot;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\\&quot;&gt;\\n&lt;div class=\\&quot;wp-block-column has-palette-color-6-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\\&quot; style=\\&quot;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\\&quot;&gt;\\n&lt;h5 class=\\&quot;wp-block-heading has-palette-color-1-color has-text-color\\&quot;&gt;Plastic Resource Libraries&lt;\\\/h5&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;div class=\\&quot;wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\\&quot;&gt;\\n&lt;div class=\\&quot;wp-block-button is-style-primary-button\\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\\&quot;wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\\&quot; href=\\&quot;\\\/select-plastic-laws\\\/\\&quot;&gt;Select Plastic Laws&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/div&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;div class=\\&quot;wp-block-button is-style-primary-button\\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\\&quot;wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\\&quot; href=\\&quot;\\\/plastic-court-decisions\\\/\\&quot;&gt;Library of Decisions&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/div&gt;\\n&lt;\\\/div&gt;\\n&lt;\\\/div&gt;\\n&lt;\\\/div&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;p class=\\&quot;wp-block-paragraph\\&quot; style=\\&quot;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:30px\\&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This project has been made possible by the generous support of the Philip Stoddard Brown and Adele Smith Brown Foundation&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;\\\/p&gt;\\n\\n&quot;}'><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"subsitemenu\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#falsesolutions\">False Solutions<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#lawspromotingsafeandsustainableproductsandpackaging\">Laws Promoting Safe and Sustainable Products and Packaging<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#bansonsingleuse\">Bans on Single-Use Plastic<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#bansonimportexport\">Bans on Import\/Export of Waste<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#taxesfeesonsingleuse\">Taxes and Fees on Single-Use Products<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#depositrefundsystems\">Deposit Refund Systems (DRS)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#extendproducerresponsibility\">Extend Producer Responsibility<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#aboutthisproject\">About This Project<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns librarycta is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-dd6bbe9e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"librarycta\" style=\"padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-palette-color-6-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-palette-color-1-color has-text-color\">Plastic Resource Libraries<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/selected-plastic-laws\">Select Plastic Laws<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"\/plastic-court-decisions\/\">Library of Decisions<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:30px;padding-bottom:30px\"><strong>This project has been made possible by the generous support of the Philip Stoddard Brown and Adele Smith Brown Foundation<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column subsitemaincontent is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"introduction\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Introduction<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>ELAW is pleased to present this overview of laws designed to tackle the growing problem of disposable plastic. This site currently focuses on laws applied from the design of the plastic product to final disposal. We also share summaries of select laws and decisions from courts addressing the problem. For the most part, we focus on laws from outside the U.S. and Europe.<\/p>\n<p>Recognizing the serious environmental, health and economic impacts associated with plastic, governments around the world are enacting laws and policies to address plastic, especially single-use plastic. Manufacture and use of plastic around the world is growing. <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Eye-opening statistics include<\/span>:<\/p>\n<h6 id=\"reference1\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>About 8 percent of the world&#8217;s oil production is used to make plastic and power the manufacturing of it. That figure is projected to rise to 20 percent by 2050. <a href=\"#reference1-endnote\"><sup>i<\/sup><\/a><\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 id=\"reference2\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Nearly a million plastic beverage bottles are sold every minute. <a href=\"#reference1-endnote\"><sup>i<\/sup><\/a><\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>More than 400 million tonnes of plastic is produced every year worldwide, half of which is designed to be used only once. Of that, less than 10 per cent is recycled.<\/strong><strong><a href=\"#reference2-endnote\"><sup>ii<\/sup><\/a><\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Currently, it is estimated that 19-23 million tonnes of plastic leaks into aquatic ecosystems annually \u2013 from lakes to rivers to seas \u2013 from land-based sources.<a href=\"#reference2-endnote\"><sup>ii<\/sup><\/a><\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">Up to 99% of plastics are made from polymers from non-renewable hydrocarbons, mostly oil and natural gas.<strong><a href=\"#reference2-endnote\"><sup>ii<\/sup><\/a><\/strong><\/h6>\n<p>But one statistic stands out as a problem that can be addressed swiftly:<\/p>\n<h6 id=\"reference3\" style=\"text-align: center\">[S]ingle-use plastics account for 40 percent of the plastic produced every year. Many of these products, such as plastic bags and food wrappers, have a lifespan of mere minutes to hours, yet they may persist in the environment for hundreds of years<strong>.<\/strong><strong><a href=\"#reference3-endnote\"><sup>iii<\/sup><\/a><\/strong><\/h6>\n<p>Governments are adopting an array of measures that take aim at single-use plastic manufacture, trade, use, and waste. Because product packaging is a major driver of plastic use, some lawmakers are focusing on ways to transform consumer product distribution that eliminates single-use packaging altogether.<\/p>\n<p>Civil society players are urging their governments to adopt effective laws targeting the rampant production and overuse of single-use plastic. ELAW provides this resource to share strategies and encourage robust action to reduce single-use plastic and transform consumer product delivery systems worldwide.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"falsesolutions\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">False Solutions<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>It is important that efforts to tackle single-use plastic do not encourage other unsustainable practices, sometimes referred to as <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;<\/span>false solutions.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p id=\"reference4\">For decades, plastic manufacturers have touted recycling as the solution to plastic waste, but it turns out that less than 10% of the world\u2019s plastic is recycled. <a href=\"#reference4-endnote\"><sup>iv<\/sup><\/a> In fact, industry leaders never expected recycling to be the answer, even while promoting it. Describing investigations into the plastic industry and its advocacy of recycling as a solution to accumulating plastic waste, a writer for FRONTLINE reports:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 50px\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;<\/span>Facing heightened public concern about ever-increasing amounts of garbage, the image of plastics was falling dramatically. State and local officials across the [U.S.] were considering banning some kinds of plastics in an effort to reduce waste and pollution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 50px\">But the industry had a plan; a way to fend off plastic bans and keep its sales growing.<\/p>\n<p id=\"reference5\" style=\"padding-left: 50px\">It would publicly promote recycling as the solution to the waste crisis \u2014 despite internal industry doubts, from almost the beginning, that widespread plastic recycling could ever be economically viable.<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;<\/span><a href=\"#reference5-endnote\" rel=\"noopener\"><sup>v<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Currently, incineration (including waste-to-energy facilities), bioplastics, compostable plastics, down-cycling (recycling higher grade plastics into things such as clothing and roads), chemical recycling, and other strategies are touted as solutions to the growing plastic problem. None of these strategies alone or in combination with others is safe, feasible, or effective to address the sheer volume of single-use plastic that is being generated.<\/p>\n<p id=\"reference6\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;<\/span>Companies like ExxonMobil, Shell, and Saudi Aramco are ramping up output of plastic \u2014 which is made from oil and gas, and their byproducts \u2014 to hedge against the possibility that a serious global response to climate change might reduce demand for their fuels.&#8221;<a href=\"#reference6-endnote\"><sup>vi<\/sup> <\/a>These companies are going to continue promoting false solutions to ensure governments don\u2019t curb the manufacture and use of plastic \u2013 and so people continue to grab a plastic straw to go with their to-go beverage in a plastic cup.<\/p>\n<p>Well-designed laws will address unsustainable alternatives directly. Laws that specifically ban biodegradable plastic as part of bans on single use plastic can be found in Jamaica, the Bahamas, and New Zealand, among others.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jamaica&#8217;s ban on biodegradable plastic is part of its <a id=\"tippy_tip0_571_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"single use plastic law\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip0_571_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recf42ekb8WyZIlwH\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Trade (Plastic Packaging Material Prohibition) Order, 2018<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (Jamaica). The ban applies to single use plastic bags, expanded polystyrene foam packaging, and plastic straws. See, sec. 2(1) definition of single use plastic. The law states: &#8220;For the avoidance of doubt, this Order applies to a single use plastic bag regardless of whether that bag is, or is labeled as, degradable, biodegradable, oxo-degradable, photo degradable or compostable.&#8221; Sec. 5.<\/span><\/div>, which prohibits the import or distribution of single use plastic in commercial quantities, and includes degradable, biodegradable, oxo-degradable, photo degradable or compostable plastic bags. The <a id=\"tippy_tip1_8736_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Bahamian plastic law\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip1_8736_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=reciAKiVGCIGzbUV8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental Protection (Control of Plastic Pollution) Act 2019<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Sec. 7(1)\u00a0 states: &#8220;No person shall import, distribute, manufacture, possess, sell, supply, or use in The Bahamas any non-biodegradable, oxo-biodegradable, or biodegradable single use plastic bags.&#8221;<\/span><\/div> likewise includes biodegradable plastic bags in its prohibition on single use plastic bags. The British territory of Turks and Caicos Islands also includes biodegradable plastics in its <a id=\"tippy_tip2_4018_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"prohibition on single use plastics\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip2_4018_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recoH1KbwuifkJtms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plastic and Other Single Use Products (Use and Waste Management) Ordinance 2019<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Article 2-4. The law defines a &#8220;single use plastic bag&#8221; as meaning &#8220;a bio-degradable or non-biodegradable plastic bag which \u2013 (a) is not designed and manufactured for reuse; (b) has handles; (c) is made from non-compostable plastic; and (d) is distributed at the point of sale in retail trade, to carry out goods.&#8221;<\/span><\/div>. Similarly, in <a id=\"tippy_tip3_8188_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"New Zealand's plastic law\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip3_8188_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recPMPcc5CVFVrOPz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Waste Minimization (Plastic Shopping Bags) Regulations 2018<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The explanatory note includes the clarification that &#8220;The regulations define plastic as including any plastic material that is manufactured from any source, whether or not it is designed to degrade in a particular way. This definition includes plastic that is compostable or biodegradable.&#8221;<\/span><\/div> an explanatory note clarifies that the definition of &#8220;plastic bags&#8221; includes bags that are compostable or biodegradable. As of 2022, New Zealand has also adopted <a id=\"tippy_tip4_3800_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"regulations\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip4_3800_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recnT2utZwno4wVY7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Waste Minimisation (Plastic and Related Products) Regulations 2022<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Section 3, (amended by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=rec59poKIubMY61p0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Waste Minimisation (Plastic and Related Products) Amendment Regulations 2022<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which clarified the definition of \u201chome compostable\u201d and listed additional banned products)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. These regulations define plastic to mean &#8220;any plastic material that is manufactured from any source (including a bio-based source), whether or not it is designed to degrade in a particular way.&#8221;<\/span><\/div> that will ban bio-based plastic drink stirrers, plastic cotton buds, and plastics that contain pro-degradants.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As of 2023, <a id=\"tippy_tip5_470_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Taiwan\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip5_470_anchor\" >See Taiwan Ministry of Environment, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.moenv.gov.tw\/en\/news\/press-releases\/5514.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biodegradable Plastic Disposable Tableware Banned from 1 Aug 2023<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (Excerpt from Major Environmental Policies, June 2023).<\/span><\/div> has expanded the scope of a 2002 mandate on <a id=\"tippy_tip6_2870_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"eight categories of institutions\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip6_2870_anchor\" > including public institutions, private schools, shopping centers, chain convenience stores, chain fast-food restaurants, and food and beverage businesses with physical storefronts, among others.<\/div> against the provision of plastic disposable tableware to include a ban on providing biodegradable plastic-made cups, bowls, plates, dishes, food containers, and inner trays in food containers for disposable tableware. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>A few good resources describing false solutions include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Greenpeace, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/66585\/4-false-solutions-that-wont-solve-the-plastic-pollution-crisis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">4 false solutions that won\u2019t solve the plastic pollution crisis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (2024).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plastic Pollution Coalition, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plasticpollutioncoalition.org\/blog\/2024\/6\/4\/plastic-recycling-is-a-false-solution-to-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plastic \u201cRecycling\u201d is a False Solution to Plastic Pollution<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (2024).<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"reference7\" style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA) has published a technical report, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.no-burn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/CR-Technical-Assessment_June-2020_for-printing-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chemical Recycling: Status, Sustainability, and Environmental Impacts (2020)<\/span><\/a><a href=\"#reference7-endnote\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><sup>vii<\/sup><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and a<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.no-burn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/CR-Briefing_June-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span id=\"reference8\" style=\"font-weight: 400\">briefing document<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (2020)<\/span><a href=\"#reference8-endnote\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><sup>viii<\/sup><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that explain why \u201cchemical recycling\u201d or \u201cadvanced recycling\u201d are false solutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">UNEP,<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/wedocs.unep.org\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.11822\/7468\/-Biodegradable_Plastics_and_Marine_Litter_Misconceptions,_concerns_and_impacts_on_marine_environments-2015BiodegradablePlasticsAndMarineLitter.pdf.pdf?sequence=3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biodegradable Plastics and Marine Litter. Misconceptions, concerns and impacts on marine environments<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (2015).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Changing Markets Foundation,<a style=\"font-size: revert;background-color: transparent\" href=\"https:\/\/changingmarkets.org\/portfolio\/talking-trash\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Talking Trash: the corporate playbook of false solutions to the plastic crisis<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (September 2020)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"lawspromotingsafeandsustainableproductsandpackaging\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>Laws Promoting Safe and Sustainable Products and Packaging<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to banning problematic plastic products, it is helpful when a law promotes better alternatives. Laws supporting better product design are showing up in several places. The best examples are those implementing new delivery systems so that reusable products replace single-use.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, the city of Berkeley in California requires truly compostable packaging for take-out food and reusable containers for eat-in establishments. Rather than focus exclusively on single-use plastic, <a id=\"tippy_tip7_1378_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"this ordinance\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip7_1378_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/berkeley.municipal.codes\/enactments\/Ord7639-NS?context=history&amp;node=11.64.150&amp;product=BMC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Berkeley Ordinance No. 7,639-N. S.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> declares that &#8220;[t]akeout Food shall only be served in Disposable Foodware.&#8221; Id., sec. 11.64.050 (A). The only allowable disposable foodware items for takeout food are those that are accepted by the city&#8217;s compost collection program and these must be free of all fluorinated chemicals; and foil wraps that are acceptable in the city&#8217;s recyclable collection program. Id., sec. 11.64.070.<\/span>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The ordinance ensures that customers can use their own reusable cup and requires vendors to charge $0.25 per disposable cup that is provided. Id., sec. 11.64.050 (D).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ordinance No. 7,639-N. S. added<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/berkeleyca.gov\/doing-business\/operating-berkeley\/food-service\/single-use-foodware-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chapter 11.64, the Single Use Foodware and Litter Reduction Ordinance<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, to the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/berkeley.municipal.codes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Berkeley Municipal Code<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p><\/div> addresses disposable packaging more broadly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The city of San Francisco in California prohibits the sale and distribution of food service ware that is not <a id=\"tippy_tip8_1124_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"compostable\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip8_1124_anchor\" > Section 1603(a). Section 1602 defines compostable as meaning that: &#8220;an item or material is (1) accepted in San Francisco&#8217;s available composting collection program as fully compostable, as determined by the Department of the Environment; (2) is listed, described, or referenced on the Department&#8217;s website as compostable; and (3) as of January 1, 2020 is either certified compostable by the Biodegradable Product Institute or other third party recognized by the Department, or is a napkin, stirrer, splash stick, cocktail stick, toothpick, or utensil made entirely of Natural Fiber.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/sfbos.org\/sites\/default\/files\/o0294-18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ordinance No. 294-18 (November 27, 2018)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1603(a) also prohibits the sale and distribution of food service ware made from polystyrene foam; stirrers, splash sticks, cocktail sticks, or toothpicks made with plastic, including compostable, bio- or plant-based plastic; and any food service ware that is compostable and not fluorinated chemical free.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1603(c) and 1604 provide for the setting of minimum post-consumer recycled content for food service ware sold or distributed in the city of San Francisco.<\/span><\/p><\/div> or recyclable, and include prohibitions on food service ware that is compostable and not fluorinated chemical free.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Bangladesh, the government requires the use of jute bags for <a id=\"tippy_tip9_8524_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"bulk commodities.\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip9_8524_anchor\" >The <a href=\"https:\/\/leap.unep.org\/en\/countries\/bd\/national-legislation\/mandatory-jute-packaging-act-2010-act-no-53-2010\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mandatory Jute Packaging Act, 2010<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, lists bulk commodities that should be sold, distributed, and supplied in jute wrappers, such as rice, sugar, and fertilizer. The law has twice been expanded to encompass more products and requires jute packaging for preservation and transportation of 20 kg or more of 17 commodities throughout Bangladesh.<\/span><\/div> The law not only reduces plastic waste, but supports Bangladesh\u2019s jute industry.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While not going as far as replacing plastic with sustainable alternatives, some laws encourage companies to manufacture less-toxic plastic and plastic that is more likely to be recycled. For example, Zimbabwe encourages <a id=\"tippy_tip10_552_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"the design of plastics containing few pollutants, are recyclable and durable when put to their intended use.\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip10_552_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=rec34Q7JhApjE8kwj.[\/tippy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plastic Packaging and Plastic Bottles Regulation S.I. 98, 2010, Art. 4<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> China <a id=\"tippy_tip11_3321_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"established design goals in 2020,\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip11_3321_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recuZxrBb68p2BFN4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Development and Reform Commission Ministry of Ecology and Environment About Opinions on further strengthening plastic pollution control<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> including prohibiting the inclusion of harmful chemical additives, and promoting recyclable products and the use of recycled plastics. Uganda <a id=\"tippy_tip12_6246_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"imposes a duty on businesses and individuals to take reasonable steps to reduce plastic waste,\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip12_6246_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=rec0WDARrDedvgOfx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Environment (Waste Management) regulations (2020 No. 49)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> which can be fulfilled by designing products and materials to be durable, reusable, recyclable, or compostable; promoting the use of sustainable alternatives to plastic, such as reusable bags, bottles, and utensils; providing collection and recycling services for plastic waste; and raising awareness of the environmental impacts of plastic waste and encouraging consumers to reduce their use of plastic.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"bansonsingleuse\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Bans on Single-Use Plastic<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Years ago, governments started banning the distribution of plastic bags, and then added other single-use plastic items such as straws, takeaway food packaging, and utensils. In response to the ubiquity of plastic in everyday life, single-use plastic bans have dramatically grown in numbers and in scope.\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today, the types of banned products range from plastic plates and cups to cosmetic products with microbeads. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These bans have also targeted many aspects of the single-use plastic industry, including the manufacturing, distribution, storage, use, sale, and even the transport of these products. For example, <a id=\"tippy_tip13_9702_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Morocco\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip13_9702_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recIOJKEJfbXVRqVC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Government Decree adopted as implementation text for the law N\u00b077-15 setting the types of plastic bags whose production, importation, distribution and possession are prohibited on the domestic market<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/div> has banned the import, export, manufacturing, use and marketing of single-use plastic bags.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Laws banning the manufacture and import of single-use plastic products may be the most effective way to reduce consumption and disposal. In ELAW\u2019s review of laws from around the world, we have found many jurisdictions that ban manufacture of at least some plastic products, and similar numbers (with significant overlap) of jurisdictions banning import. For instance, <a id=\"tippy_tip14_9832_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Tuvalu\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip14_9832_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recU6aP1FwApadBHf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Waste management (Prohibition on the importation of single use plastic) Regulation 2019<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> has banned the import of single-use plastics like straws as well as prohibited the manufacture, distribution, and sale of these products within the country.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To be effective, bans must be easily enforced. Banned items should be clearly defined and easy to identify. Some bans on plastic bags describe a specific thickness measured in microns which can be difficult for an inspector to identify. If plastic thickness is used, one helpful measure is to require plastic thickness to be stamped on the bags. Banning distribution of all plastic carry bags is an even better way to make a ban clearly enforceable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Timely promulgated and clear implementing regulations will also aid in enforcement of plastics regulations. For instance, in 2001 <a id=\"tippy_tip15_1672_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"the Philippines\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip15_1672_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recYtcczyp6Cl9Z3i\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> passed a law requiring the National Solid Waste Management Commission to create a list of non-environmentally acceptable materials so that these materials may be prohibited, subject to some exclusions. The Commission has yet to publish the list of prohibited materials. In light of the 24 year delay in creating this list, <a id=\"tippy_tip16_4776_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"an appellate court\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip16_4776_anchor\" >Oceana v. National Solid Waste Management Commission, CA-G.R. SP No. 00035-WK (9 July 2024). See also Jane Bautista, <a href=\"https:\/\/newsinfo.inquirer.net\/1961036\/court-hits-waste-management-body-over-plastics-case\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Court hits waste management body over plastics case<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Philippine Daily Inquirer (15 July 2024). <\/span><\/div> has mandated that the Commission compile the list of harmful materials within six months.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finally, many otherwise strong bans are weakened by inclusion of a long list of exemptions. For example, <a id=\"tippy_tip17_650_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Antigua and Barbuda\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip17_650_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recd9B4WsVX3g8GEE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The External Trade (Shopping Plastic Bags Prohibition) Order, 2017, No. 83 of Antigua and Barbuda<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> exempts: bread wrapping; plastic to contain or wrap fish or meat; bags used to package fruits or nuts, confectionary products, dairy products, liquid and frozen products, medicine, small hardware items; dry cleaning bags; and bags used to manage waste including bin liners; etc. Art. 4 and Schedule.<\/span><\/div> import, distribution, sale and use of polyethylene or petroleum-based shopping bags, but includes a long list of bags exempt from the ban and allows the Minister responsible for Trade, Commerce &amp; Industry, Sports, Culture and National Festivals to exempt other bags.\u00a0 Similarly, <a id=\"tippy_tip18_2005_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"the British Virgin Islands\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip18_2005_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recDgOHObTXwo75Vk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Act No. 7938 (2016), \u00a7500t(8)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/div> provides exemptions from their bans on plastic packaging for loose items, frozen food, meat and fish, beverages, bakery items and prepared food, and dry-cleaning.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Single-use plastic bans present an opportunity to encourage <a id=\"tippy_tip19_5761_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"related reforms\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip19_5761_anchor\" >Zimbabwe requires setting plastic waste prevention targets and suggests &#8220;the creation of the mode of distribution and return systems, that reduce residual plastic waste to a minimum.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=rec34Q7JhApjE8kwj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plastic Packaging and Plastic Bottles Regulation SI 98, 2010, Art. 4<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/div> that address waste management problems and encourage more sustainable products.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For more information, see<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/plastic#falsesolutions\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">False Solutions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/plastic#lawspromotingsafeandsustainableproductsandpackaging\">Promoting Safe and Sustainable Products and Packaging<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"bansonimportexport\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Bans on Import\/Export of Waste<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Separate from addressing the manufacture and use of the products themselves, some countries are adopting laws <a id=\"tippy_tip20_6268_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"banning the import and export of plastic waste.\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip20_6268_anchor\" >In 2019, the Basel Convention, which addresses the movement of hazardous wastes, was amended to require exporting countries to obtain prior informed consent from receiving countries before shipping most categories of plastic wastes. The Amendments, referred to as the Plastic Waste Amendments, add new categories of plastic waste that fall under the Convention\u2019s Prior Informed Consent Procedure, waste minimization provisions, and provisions addressing waste management. The Plastic Waste Amendments must be transposed into domestic law by State Parties. For more information, see Rached, S. (2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.no-burn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Policy-briefing_Transposing-the-Basel-Convention-plastic-waste-amendments_November-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Transposing the Basel Convention plastic waste amendments: challenges &amp; recommendations<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, GAIA.<\/span><\/div>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bans on imports and exports of plastic waste can create pressure on countries to create sound environmental policies to limit single-use plastic use in order to reduce the amount of waste they generate. These bans can also encourage countries to implement better recycling procedures.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, Senegal bans the import of plastic waste and the export of waste unless the importing country allows the import and has adequate treatment facilities. <a id=\"tippy_tip21_5149_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Senegal, Loi n&amp;deg; 2020-04\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip21_5149_anchor\" >&#8220;The importation of plastic waste&#8230;is prohibited&#8230;Plastic waste produced in Senegal may only be exported with the authorization of the Minister of the Environment and only to countries that authorize its importation and have adequate treatment facilities.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=rec66juCilMuBp0dL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Senegal, Loi relative \u00e0 la pr\u00e9vention et la r\u00e9duction de l&#8217;incidence sur l&#8217;environnement des produits plastiques, la loi n\u00b0 2020-04 du 08 Janvier 2020, Arts. 19-20<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Please note that this provision has been machine translated. See the original document, as linked, for the original language.<\/span><\/div> (8 January 2020), Arts. 19-20.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In April 2024, the European Union <a id=\"tippy_tip22_6116_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"adopted a ban\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip22_6116_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=receFSnXvvoZtLzNn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">EU Parliament and Council Regulation, (EU) 2024\/1157 (11 April 2024)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> on the export of plastic waste to non-OECD countries starting November 21, 2026. It has also authorized the European Commission to prohibit export of plastic waste to an OECD country if that country fails to meet waste management conditions.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These bans may be most effective when multiple jurisdictions participate. For instance, after <a id=\"tippy_tip23_7135_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"China banned imports of plastic waste in 2017\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip23_7135_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recuZxrBb68p2BFN4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Development and Reform Commission (2020) No. 80<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div>, countries began <a id=\"tippy_tip24_3449_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"exporting to other jurisdictions\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip24_3449_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.no-burn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Policy-briefing_Transposing-the-Basel-Convention-plastic-waste-amendments_November-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Transposing the Basel Convention plastic waste amendments: challenges &amp; recommendations<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, GAIA (2020), page 2.<\/span><\/div> in Asia, including Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand. In 2018, Malaysia announced that it would <a id=\"tippy_tip25_1956_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"stop issuing new permits for the import of plastic waste\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip25_1956_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-malaysia-waste-imports\/malaysia-to-curb-imports-of-plastic-waste-minister-idUSKCN1N028P\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Malaysia to curb imports of plastic waste: minister<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Reuter (2018).<\/span><\/div>, but <a id=\"tippy_tip26_6534_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"issues with enforcement\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip26_6534_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiermyanmar.net\/en\/skirting-the-law-global-companies-exploit-loopholes-to-dump-waste-in-myanmar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Skirting the law: Global companies exploit loopholes to dump waste in Myanmar<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Frontier Myanmar (2023).<\/span><\/div> prevented this from being effective. But <a id=\"tippy_tip27_1122_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Vietnam\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip27_1122_anchor\" >Dat Nguyen, <a href=\"https:\/\/e.vnexpress.net\/news\/business\/economy\/vietnam-to-end-plastic-scrap-imports-from-2025-3900351.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vietnam to end plastic scrap imports from 2025<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, VnExpress International (2019).<\/span><\/div>, <a id=\"tippy_tip28_5013_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Thailand\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip28_5013_anchor\" >Apinya Wipatayotin, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/thailand\/special-reports\/2933121\/thailands-full-plastic-waste-import-ban-faces-hurdles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thailand\u2019s full plastic waste import ban faces hurdles<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Bangkok Post (2025). <\/span><\/div> and <a id=\"tippy_tip29_2430_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Indonesia\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip29_2430_anchor\" >Michael Neilson, <a href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2025\/03\/indonesias-ban-on-importing-plastic-waste-met-with-cautious-optimism-from-campaigners\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indonesia\u2019s Ban on Importing Plastic Waste Met With Cautious Optimism From Campaigners<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, The Diplomat (2025).<\/span><\/div> have also announced new or additional bans on plastic waste imports in recent years, and <a id=\"tippy_tip30_4745_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Malaysia\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip30_4745_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recWIBQjYRn37yeeY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wplink-edit=\"true\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">P.U. (A) 117\/2023 amended by P.U. (A) 143\/2025<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> has introduced stricter control of plastic waste imports, prohibiting imports of plastic waste from all countries, unless accompanied by agency approval, effective as of July 2025.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"taxesfeesonsingleuse\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Taxes and Fees on Single-Use Products<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Closely related to bans are taxes, levies, and\/or fees on plastic bags and other single-use plastic products. Some laws implement a mixed approach, banning some items and taxing others in an effort to discourage their use. This approach can help ensure that banned items are not simply replaced by other disposable items. For example, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a <a id=\"tippy_tip31_2756_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"2003 South African law\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip31_2756_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=rec6gGXkV8ChqcLKy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">No. R. 625 (9 May 2003)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> bans bags less than 24 microns thick and taxes thicker bags, which encourages use of reusable carry bags. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <a id=\"tippy_tip32_9884_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Canadian Northwest Territories\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip32_9884_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=rec5V8C4s94EKVWRh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">R-148-2009<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> also impose a fee on the sale and distribution of single-use retail bags, although some bag uses are exempt.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most examples of single-use plastic taxes and fees are ultimately imposed on consumers. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For instance, Sri Lanka\u2019s Consumer Affairs Authority announced that it will <a id=\"tippy_tip33_2022_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"rescind its notice prohibiting fees for single-use plastic bags\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip33_2022_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/elaw_advocate_summer_2024.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sri Lanka: Saying No to Single-Use Plastic Bags<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, ELAW Advocate, Summer 2024.<\/span><\/div>. Thus, consumers may be required to pay for the plastic bags they use. In contrast, Tuvalu <a id=\"tippy_tip34_3998_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"imposed a levy\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip34_3998_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recoHOaZjqVaPdfeQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Waste Management (Levy Deposit) Regulation 2019<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> on imports of certain plastics. Importers are responsible for paying the cost of the levy, but they can pass the cost on to consumers, although consumers can get a refund of the levy when they return the empty plastic item to designated collection points.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, these fiscal measures can be imposed at other points of the production chain to promote more sustainable products and better reflect <a id=\"tippy_tip35_9175_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"external costs of plastic\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip35_9175_anchor\" >&#8220;Imported goods packaged in plastic material or single-use plastic items are subject to an environmental levy in accordance with relevant laws.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recCuoZEAq4G93M0n\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rwanda, Law No. 17\/2019, Art. 5<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> production and use. For example, <a id=\"tippy_tip36_4461_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Algeria imposes a Value Added Tax (VAT)\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip36_4461_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=reco4i9CxSb6THr0e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Law No. 19-14 of 14 Rabie Ethani 1441 corresponding to December 11, 2019 on the finance law for 2020<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> on plastic bags imported and produced locally. Similarly, the <a id=\"tippy_tip37_9717_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"United Kingdom has a plastic packaging tax\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip37_9717_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recVZM5XlKQ21TGUH\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finance Act 2021<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> for the use of virgin polymers in packaging, which targets plastics packaging production and import. These types of economic disincentives for the production of single-use plastic can address the underlying problems of single-use plastic rather than focusing on the individual symptoms. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"depositrefundsystems\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Deposit-Refund Systems (DRS)<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deposit-refund systems (DRS) (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">also known as deposit-refund schemes<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) have a long history of improving collection of refillable and recyclable containers. These programs generally require the consumer to pay a small deposit at purchase that is refunded when the container is returned to the retailer or to a collection center. These laws most commonly apply to beverage containers <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(also known as bottle bills)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, but could easily be expanded to cover other plastic products as well.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whether a DRS is the right program in a jurisdiction will depend on various factors, including whether there are people dependent on collecting and selling these items who would be displaced by a more formal system.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some DRS laws are designed to put the costs of the program on producers (including importers and distributors). DRS can be one element of an<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/plastic#extendproducerresponsibility\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Extended Producer Responsibility<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> scheme.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">DRS laws are found in many regions of the world, including countries like <a id=\"tippy_tip38_2806_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Australia\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip38_2806_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=reczyMCM62wOYSSJf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environment Protection (Beverage Containers and Plastic Bags) Act 2011<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div>, <a id=\"tippy_tip39_4497_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Canada\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip39_4497_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=rec7FRChp91H5vkoa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Beverage Container Recycling Regulation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div>, <a id=\"tippy_tip40_196_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Barbados\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip40_196_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recZIxi7EjkKHihZc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Returnable Containers Act as amended<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div>, <a id=\"tippy_tip41_2165_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Belize\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip41_2165_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recSYC2dj81dhnynZ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Returnable Containers Act 2019, Cap. 328:01<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div>, <a id=\"tippy_tip42_5204_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Tuvalu\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip42_5204_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recoHOaZjqVaPdfeQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Waste Management (Levy Deposit) Regulation 2019<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div>, and <a id=\"tippy_tip43_4789_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Senegal\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip43_4789_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=rec66juCilMuBp0dL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Law relating to the prevention and reduction of the environmental impact of plastic products, Law No. 2020-04 of January 08, 2020<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"extendproducerresponsibility\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Extended Producer Responsibility<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"reference9\">Recently, many governments, civil society, and others are promoting Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) as a strategy to reduce the growing menace of plastic.<a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/plastic#reference9-endnote\"><strong><sup>ix<\/sup><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While some advocates applaud EPR as a way to ensure producers take responsibility for reclaiming and reducing waste, others see it as another way to continue unsustainable disposable use practices. EPR programs need to be well designed to ensure good outcomes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thomas Lindqvist is credited with developing the concept of EPR in 1990. More recently, Lindqvist defined EPR as:<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference10\" style=\"padding-left: 50px\"><i>[A] policy principle to promote total life cycle environmental improvements of product systems by extending the responsibilities of the manufacturer of the product to various parts of the entire life cycle of the product, and especially to the take-back, recycling and final disposal of the product.<\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/plastic#reference10-endnote\"><sup>x<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"reference11\" style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lindqvist hypothesizes that EPR programs are popular across jurisdictions because they help tackle the waste problem while putting the cost of the program on the manufacturers and distributors, rather than on governments and taxpayers.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/plastic#reference11-endnote\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><sup>xi<\/sup><\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strong EPR programs shift responsibility of implementing the program (such as collecting used plastic products), and\/or financing the program, on those responsible for putting the product in the market. In principle, this should lead producers to adopt more sustainable production models, designs and materials.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference12\">EPR does not refer to one specific program. Instead, it describes a principle that guides a set of instruments adopted to help improve products and product delivery systems to reduce associated environmental, social, and health impacts. Lindqvist explains that EPR is implemented through a mix of \u201cadministrative, economic, and informative policy instruments.\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/plastic#reference12-endnote\"><sup>xii<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference13\">In Europe, EPR has gained a specific meaning and there are some well-developed EPR programs in place.<a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/plastic#reference13-endnote\"><sup>xiii<\/sup><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, in other places, EPR may look different.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The general concept of EPR programs is that brand owners\/producers become responsible for covering the full environmental and social costs associated with their products. In the realm of plastics, EPR is generally aimed at requiring producers or brand owners to pay the cost of recovering the plastic packaging from their products (or the plastic product itself) and managing the recovered plastic in the most environmentally-sustainable method possible which may include reuse, repair, or recycling. Effective EPR programs avoid final disposal (landfilling or incineration) to the greatest extent possible. If designed well, EPR programs encourage manufacturers and distributors of products to reduce packaging or improve packaging design to limit waste. In addition, EPR can reduce the need for virgin resources, by increasing reuse of material.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While a robust EPR program might be the end goal, a step-wise approach to implementation using simpler programs may be appropriate. For example, a jurisdiction could require companies distributing beverage containers to reclaim the containers and pay the cost of preparing them for reuse, mechanically recycling them, or, as a last resort, properly disposing of them. Where community members already informally collect these containers to sell, a new program should include and fund those already doing the work. Such a program could include fees to cover education programs or other steps toward a holistic approach to reduce plastic waste.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A jurisdiction seeking to launch a successful EPR program must have related programs in place, or commit to developing them on a parallel track. For example, an existing recycling program can help other EPR programs succeed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jurisdictions that do not have a recycling market or other prerequisites for a comprehensive EPR program might adopt elements that can stand alone such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Programs that encourage or require replacing disposable plastic products with reusable and refillable alternatives.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Programs requiring distributors and retailers to take back the packaging from products they sell.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recZIxi7EjkKHihZc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Returnable Containers law in Barbados<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> requires any entity that sells beverages (for use off-site) in containers covered by the Act, to accept any qualifying empty container and provide the refund value. Id. at sec. 4(1). In turn, distributors must accept qualifying beverage containers of brands they distribute from retailers and refund the value of each container. Id. at sec. 4(2). If beverage containers returned to the distributor are unusable or not reused, they must be disposed of in accordance with applicable waste laws. Id. at sec. 6(1).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Returnable Containers law is an example of an EPR program, because it requires distributors to take back the plastic bottles they sell. The law in Barbados is coupled with a ban on import, distribution, sale and use of single use plastic containers (other than those identified in the Returnable Containers law), cutlery, straws, and plastic bags made with petroleum-based resin. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recvXcyOAZMsK9DqI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Control of Disposable Plastics Act, 2019<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a id=\"tippy_tip44_2945_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Simple requirements\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip44_2945_anchor\" >Rwanda requires &#8220;[e]very manufacturer, wholesaler or retailer of plastic carry bags or single-use plastic items must put in place mechanisms to collect and segregate used plastic carry bags and single-use plastic items and hand them over to the recycling plants.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recCuoZEAq4G93M0n\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rwanda, Law No. 17\/2019, Art. 6<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> could make businesses responsible for collecting other material as well.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><b>Preliminary Design Questions<\/b><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To be successful, an EPR program must be designed to operate in the local context where it will be implemented. EPR systems should be created through a transparent, participatory process led by the government that brings in all stakeholders. Such a process would create opportunities for many views, including people working informally in the waste sector and those creating new businesses that reduce the use of single-use products and delivery systems.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In designing a program, two big questions must be addressed first, and there are divergent opinions, with no consensus about which answers lead to the strongest EPR programs with regard to these two issues:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Products Covered<\/b><b><br \/><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Which products to include in an EPR program is a critical first question. There are at least three points-of-view:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2022 Some advocates promote inclusion of all materials (from highly recyclable to non-recyclable) to ensure producers are responsible for the environmental impacts of their entire range of products. (Advocates for such broad programs usually also promote a system under which producers only pay for materials management \u2013 they do not directly manage the materials themselves.)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2022 Others argue that highly recyclable materials should not be part of EPR programs so that EPR does not compete with any existing recycling programs or displace people who earn money by collecting and selling these materials.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2022 Finally, others prefer that EPR systems only address non-recyclable and toxic products. These are the products that put the most strain on local communities and they are the products that most need to become more environmentally friendly.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Role of the Producer<\/b><b><br \/><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The second big question is whether the EPR program should be \u201coperational\u201d (meaning that the producers themselves run the program) or \u201cfinancial\u201d (meaning that the producers pay the local government or others to run the program).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The choice depends on many factors, including whether there is rigorous government oversight and safeguards against corruption. Financial programs preserve flexibility to accommodate informal and community-based recycling collection programs and other initiatives that support the local economy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5><b>Overall Program Design<\/b><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With these points highlighted, we can add more generally that an effective EPR program should include the following characteristics or components:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reduces not only plastic pollution, but total environmental harm (including greenhouse gas emissions and toxic emissions).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shifts the financial burden shifted to the producer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Structures fees to incentivize producers to implement the waste hierarchy in packaging design and improve sustainability (\u201ceco-modulated fees\u201d). Fees would be lower when packaging is reduced, or higher if the packaging includes certain chemicals. This framework can be augmented through the adoption of penalties and bonuses. For example, a financial bonus for using standardized reusable packaging, or a penalty charge for using a single-use container where a reusable alternative is readily available.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Builds on existing waste management systems. If waste is managed at the municipal level, the EPR program should be compatible with existing municipal systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is carried out uniformly across the jurisdiction with equal access to the program in rural and urban areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a id=\"tippy_tip45_1651_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Includes measurable and verifiable targets\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip45_1651_anchor\" >Zimbabwe requires setting plastic waste prevention targets and suggests &#8220;the creation of the mode of distribution and return systems, that reduce residual plastic waste to a minimum.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=rec34Q7JhApjE8kwj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plastic Packaging and Plastic Bottles Regulation S.I. 98, 2010, Art. 4<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> for reduced packaging, landfilling, and increased reuse and recycling. This requires baseline data to be available or generated. Performance targets could be specific to types of plastic packaging.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Defines products covered clearly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b>Compliance and Enforcement<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mandatory compliance with legally binding requirements and serious penalties for violations. Programs initiated on a voluntary basis by individual companies are unlikely to meet many public policy goals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strong enforcement provisions, including the <a id=\"tippy_tip46_916_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"ability of citizens and NGOs to enforce the law\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip46_916_anchor\" >&#8220;For purposes of enforcing the provisions of this Act or its implementing rules and regulations, any citizen may file an appropriate civil, criminal or administrative action in the proper courts\/bodies&#8230;<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Court shall exempt such action from the payment of filing fees and shall, likewise, upon prima facie showing of the non-enforcement or violation complained of, exempt the plaintiff from the filing of an injunction bond for the issuance of a preliminary injunction.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In the event that the citizen should prevail, the Court shall award reasonable attorney&#8217;s fees, moral damages and litigation costs as appropriate.&#8221;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recYtcczyp6Cl9Z3i\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Philippines Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, Sec. 52<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reporting of detailed and verifiable data (including data on downstream management) that is publicly available and disclosed quickly enough to allow real-time monitoring of the system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the EPR program is operated by an industry-created entity, there must be strong oversight with third-party monitoring for compliance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b>Incorporating Local Workers and Businesses<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Designed to incorporate existing local workers and businesses already playing a role in reducing waste, recovering materials, repairing and recycling.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b>Informal Recyclers\/Wastepickers<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Include waste pickers in the design of new legislation. Traditionally, informal recyclers, waste pickers and their organizations have not been included in discussions leading to EPR legislation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ensure that the EPR system will be remunerative for the informal sector.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clearly define the legal rights of waste pickers (e.g., waste picking is not theft). Be aware that <a id=\"tippy_tip47_4094_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"laws can both recognize and restrict waste pickers activities\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip47_4094_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recS6f437gzWLUQu3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paraguay&#8217;s Integral Waste Management Regulations (Decree 7391)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> requires municipalities to promote waste pickers participation in the recovery of waste (article 62), but also expressly prohibits waste pickers activities in final waste confinement areas (landfills) (article 67).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;Municipalities shall promote the organized participation of recyclers and\/or waste sorters in activities related to the recovery and reuse of solid waste.\u201d Art. 62.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;The activities of waste sorters are prohibited in solid waste confinement areas.&#8221; Art. 67. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Please note that these provisions have been machine translated. See the original documents, as linked, for the original language.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/div>, creating practical barriers to their activities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Attention must be focused on guaranteeing that the law or regulations allow informal waste pickers to work without complicated regulatory oversight or administrative burdens. Some laws establish a registry or certification process for waste pickers before they can participate in waste management activities and\/or access benefits and rights. If a law includes this requirement, it is important to include safeguards to make this process easily accessible. and requirements for agencies and\/or other stakeholders to promote waste pickers registration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In some jurisdictions, laws recognizing and formalizing waste picking <a id=\"tippy_tip48_6520_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"are vague and cannot be implemented until regulations are adopted\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip48_6520_anchor\" ><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bolivia&#8217;s waste law includes a recognition of the work of waste pickers, however, the Decree approving regulations for this law, requires the Ministry of the Environment to pass additional rules to set up a registry and authorizations for informal waste pickers. The rules have not been adopted.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;The activity of individuals or legal entities engaged in waste recovery is recognized . . . for its use and the creation of decent jobs as a means of subsistence\u2026<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[T]he State&#8230;will promote support for this sector through formalization and technical assistance programs aimed at improving working conditions, health, and income generation.&#8221; <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=rec4DUkIDwF0hyKHG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Law 755 on Comprehensive Waste Management<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Art. 18.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;The Ministry of Environment and Water will issue regulations for the registration and authorization of persons engaged in the recovery and collection of recyclable waste.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8230;[A]ny individual or legal entity that carries out the activities&#8230; must be registered and authorized accordingly.&#8221; <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=rec4DUkIDwF0hyKHG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Supreme Decree 2954<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Art. 9. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Please note that these provisions have been machine translated. See the original documents, as linked, for the original language.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/div>. These regulations may never materialize, which prevents waste pickers from pursuing their work and enforcing their rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">EPR laws should include measures to promote <a id=\"tippy_tip49_8552_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"inclusion, and address capacity building and broader livelihood issues affecting waste pickers\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip49_8552_anchor\" >One of the general principles of Uruguay&#8217;s EPR and waste management law, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recv0hFFMkrnyrjJH\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ley 19.829<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, is the promotion of social and labor inclusion of informal recyclers (Art. 11(F)) (&#8220;The social and labor inclusion of waste sorters must be promoted.&#8221; Please note that this provision has been machine translated. See the original document, as linked, for the original language.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">)<\/span><\/div>, such as child labor.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a id=\"tippy_tip50_7240_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Some countries\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip50_7240_anchor\" >Chile also has a broader policy covering waste pickers:<a href=\"https:\/\/mma.gob.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Politica-de-inclusion-de-recicladores-de-base.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pol\u00edtica de Inclusi\u00f3n de Recicladores de Base 2016-2020<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/div> have broader policies addressing waste pickers. For example, Brazilian national waste management laws, policies and strategies include several provisions promoting inclusion and recognition of waste pickers. Starting at the highest level, a National Policy of Solid Waste objective is to incorporate waste pickers in waste management actions (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recear8oH9kCpygbt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Law 12.305 National Policy of Solid Waste<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, article 7). This policy requires municipalities to include programs and actions for the participation of cooperatives and other forms of waste picker organizations in their waste management plans (Article 19). Regulations implementing Law 12.305 include several provisions promoting the participation of waste pickers, including a requirement to create working conditions and social and economic inclusion opportunities improvement programs (Article 43). The regulations also state that waste collection systems will give priority to the participation of cooperative and other forms of organizations of waste pickers (Article 40). Additionally, Brazil also<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mncr.org.br\/biblioteca\/legislacao\/leis-e-decretos-federais\/pro-catador-decreto-no-7-405-2010\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">developed a \u201cPro Waste pickers Program\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to coordinate federal government actions to support and promote the work of waste pickers and the improvement of their working conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Laws should allow\/encourage waste pickers <a id=\"tippy_tip51_9825_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"to participate in public bidding for different waste management\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip51_9825_anchor\" >In Chile, companies or agencies in charge of waste management have to share public tender terms and conditions for waste management services without cost with waste pickers wishing to participate in such processes. Waste management companies or agencies can also request an exception to carry-out a public tender process, which is normally required to award their contracts, when hiring waste pickers. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recersSBaBC5ynVso\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ley Marco para la Gesti\u00f3n de Residuos, la Responsabilidad Extendida del Productor y Fomento al Reciclaje, Ley N\u00b020.920<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Art. 24).<\/span><\/div> activities, especially activities they are already carrying out and have experience with.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In some countries, waste pickers and informal recyclers have gained further recognition over their work <a id=\"tippy_tip52_4063_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"including preference over different waste management\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip52_4063_anchor\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recHWlqbUw217oD3M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gesti\u00f3n Integral de Residuos S\u00f3lidos Urbanos, Ley N\u00b0 1.854 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 24 de Noviembre de 2005<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In Argentina, Buenos Aires &#8220;Zero Waste&#8221; law recognizes the work of informal recyclers and gives them priority to collect, transport, and separate dry urban waste. See, Art. 43 of the law. Accordingly, associations of informal recyclers were awarded a public bidding contract over the collection, transportation, and separation of dry urban waste in Buenos Aires. The tender contract terms include several programs to provide social inclusion, benefits, child labor eradication, logistical support, among other services to allow waste pickers to carry out their functions. Excerpts of the public tender contract are available from the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/faccyr.org.ar\/legislacion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Federaci\u00f3n Argentina de Cartoneros, Carreros y Recicladores<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div> (recollection and treatment) activities, through litigation and law reform.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Treatment of the Product<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Priorities should be consistent with the waste management hierarchy, starting with avoided waste, reduced packaging, reduced single-use plastic packaging, reusing, repairing, and finally mechanically recycling.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"reference14\" style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a id=\"tippy_tip53_1314_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"A ban on incineration\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip53_1314_anchor\" >In the Philippines, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recYtcczyp6Cl9Z3i\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> defines &#8220;resource recovery&#8221; to refer to &#8220;the collection, extraction or recovery of recyclable materials from the waste stream for the purpose of recycling, generating energy or producing a product suitable for beneficial use: Provided, That, such resource recovery facilities exclude incineration.&#8221; Art. 2(dd).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Uruguay also bans burning waste: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;The following is prohibited:&#8230;The burning of waste.\u201d<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recv0hFFMkrnyrjJH\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ley 19.829<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Art. 52. Please note that this provision has been machine translated. See the original documents, as linked, for the original language.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/div><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/plastic#reference14-endnote\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><sup>xiv<\/sup><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (with or without energy recovery) and plastic-to-fuel operations (including thermal or chemical) as a final disposal method. In some instances, an incineration ban may already be in place through a different law.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The treatment methods for material recovery include reuse and mechanical recycling. Any approaches to turn collected waste into fuels are considered waste incineration and should be banned.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Other Program Elements<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Education program designed and implemented by government agencies or third-parties not associated with promoting plastic production or use.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Costs of the program are differentiated among products to take into account the impact of the product on the environment and communities, rewarding producers for more sustainable or least harmful products.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Producers bear the full cost of the program. Full cost includes at least collection, transport, treatment, public education, data collection and sharing, administration, and any needed clean up.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Education<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finally, none of these programs targeting single-use plastic will be successful without education. Some laws <a id=\"tippy_tip54_995_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"require education\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip54_995_anchor\" >\u201cThe Ministry of the Environment will promote and implement environmental education programs aimed at citizens on the use of plastic shopping bags currently in circulation and their impact on the ecosystem, including their reuse and recycling.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\/law?lawId=recLmPrN2qSW6XUHP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proh\u00edbe la Entrega de Bolsas Pl\u00e1sticas de Comercio en Todo el Territorio Nacional, Ley No. 21.100 (2018)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Art. 7 (Chile). Please note that this provision has been machine translated. See the original documents, as linked, for the original language.<\/span><\/div> to help raise public awareness of the need to reduce use of plastic.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Several organizations have developed and compiled helpful educational resources, including the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference10\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Plastic Pollution Coalition,<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plasticpollutioncoalition.org\/learn\/resource-library\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">General resources for all grades<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"aboutthisproject\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">About this project<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Governments are addressing the problem of plastic differently. Therefore, this resource is not limited to single-use plastic law bans or regulations. We include relevant provisions whether they come from stand-alone laws, environmental codes, health codes, waste management laws, or customs laws. Currently, this resource focuses on laws applied from the design of the plastic product to final disposal.<\/p>\n<p>Research for this project focused outside the U.S. and Europe.<\/p>\n<p>ELAW U.S. appreciates information generously shared with us by public interest lawyers around the world who make up the ELAW Network, as well as information, advice and review of the section on EPR by: Mao Da, China ZW Alliance; Xavier Sun, Taiwan ZW Coalition; Dharmesh Shah; Beth Grimberg, Polis; Sarah Doll, Safer States; Julliet Phillips, Environmental Investigation Agency; Delphine Levi Alvares and Larissa Copello, Zero Waste Europe; Taylor Cass Talbott, WIEGO; and Neil Tangri and Monica Wilson, Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA). Special thanks to Cecilia Allen and Doun Moon at GAIA.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"endnotes\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Endnotes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"reference1-endnote\"><a href=\"#reference1\"><sup>i<\/sup><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laura Parker, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2018\/05\/plastics-facts-infographics-ocean-pollution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fast Facts about Plastic Pollution<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, National Geographic (20 December 2018),<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(citing World Economic Forum; Euromonitor International and Container Recycling Institute).<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference2-endnote\"><a href=\"#reference2\"><sup>ii<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/wedocs.unep.org\/xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.11822\/36964\/VITGRAPH.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drowning in Plastics \u2013 Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, United Nations Environment Programme (2021).<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference3-endnote\"><a href=\"#reference3\"><sup>iii<\/sup><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laura Parker, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The world\u2019s plastic pollution crisis, explained<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, National Geographic (28 May 2025). See also, Laura Parker, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2018\/05\/plastics-facts-infographics-ocean-pollution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fast Facts about Plastic Pollution<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, National Geographic (20 December 2018) (citing Roland Geyer, University of California, Santa Barbara)<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference4-endnote\"><a href=\"#reference4\"><sup>iv<\/sup><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/about\/news\/press-releases\/2022\/02\/plastic-pollution-is-growing-relentlessly-as-waste-management-and-recycling-fall-short.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plastic pollution is growing relentlessly as waste management and recycling fall short, says OECD<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (22 February 2022). See also, Laura Parker, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2017\/07\/plastic-produced-recycling-waste-ocean-trash-debris-environment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here\u2019s How Much Plastic Trash is Littering the Earth<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, National Geographic (20 December 2018) (citing Great Britain\u2019s Royal Statistical Society data). See also, United Nations Environment Programme, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/story\/our-planet-drowning-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Our Planet is Drowning in Plastic Pollution<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference5-endnote\"><a href=\"#reference5\"><sup>v<\/sup><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patrice Taddonio, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/frontline\/article\/plastics-industry-insiders-reveal-the-truth-about-recycling\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plastics Industry Insiders Reveal the Truth About Recycling<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, FRONTLINE (31 March 2020); see also <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/frontline\/documentary\/plastic-wars\/?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plastic Wars<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, FRONTLINE, Season 2020, Episode 14 (31 March 2020); <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/climateintegrity.org\/projects\/plastics-fraud\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Fraud of Plastic Recycling<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Center for Climate Integrity (February 2024).<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference6-endnote\"><a href=\"#reference6\"><sup>vi<\/sup><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beth Gardiner, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/e360.yale.edu\/features\/the-plastics-pipeline-a-surge-of-new-production-is-on-the-way\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Plastics Pipeline: A Surge of New Production Is on the Way<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Yale Environment 360 (19 December 2019).<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference7-endnote\"><a href=\"#reference7\"><sup>vii<\/sup><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rollinson, A., Oladejo, J., <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.no-burn.org\/chemicalrecycling\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chemical Recycling: Status, Sustainability, and Environmental Impacts,<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (2020). <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference8-endnote\"><a href=\"#reference8\"><sup>viii<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.no-burn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/CR-Briefing_June-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chemical Recycling: Distraction, Not Solution<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a briefing that pulls from the technical report \u201cChemical Recycling: Status, Sustainability, and Environmental Impacts\u201d (see previous footnote). <\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference9-endnote\"><a href=\"#reference9\"><sup>ix<\/sup><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Note that EPR programs address producers\u2019 responsibility for other products too. Here we focus on EPR programs to address plastic packaging and products.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference10-endnote\"><a href=\"#reference10\"><sup>x<\/sup><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lindhquist, T. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/portal.research.lu.se\/en\/publications\/extended-producer-responsibility-in-cleaner-production-policy-pri\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extended Producer Responsibility in Cleaner Production: Policy Principle to Promote Environmental Improvements of Product Systems (2000)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. IIIEE, Lund University, at p. v.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference11-endnote\"><a href=\"#reference11\"><sup>xi<\/sup><\/a> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Id.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at p. vi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference12-endnote\"><a href=\"#reference12\"><sup>xii<\/sup><\/a> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Id.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at p. v.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference13-endnote\"><a href=\"#reference13\"><sup>xiii<\/sup><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">See, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/zerowasteeurope.eu\/library\/epr-in-the-eu-plastics-strategy-and-the-circular-economy-a-focus-on-plastic-packaging\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EPR in the EU Plastics Strategy and the Circular Economy: A focus on plastic packaging<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Institute for European Environmental Policy (9 November 2017, revised 19 December 2017).<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"reference14-endnote\"><a href=\"#reference14\"><sup>xiv<\/sup><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incineration with or without energy recovery and plastic-to-fuel operations (including thermal or chemical).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide anothersubsitecta is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center anothersubsitecta-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover has-custom-content-position is-position-top-left\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"520\" height=\"898\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-49867\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Global-Plastic-Laws-e1701384639896.png\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Global-Plastic-Laws-e1701384639896.png 520w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Global-Plastic-Laws-e1701384639896-336x580.png 336w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Global-Plastic-Laws-e1701384639896-7x12.png 7w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-0 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center anothersubsitecta-rightcol is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-fe0a7de2 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalplasticlaws.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Global Plastic Laws Database<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\">ELAW partnered with Plastic Pollution Coalition, Break Free From Plastic Europe, and The Surfrider Foundation U.S. to build the Global Plastic Laws Database. It is the most comprehensive tool to date to research plastic legislation that has been adopted around the world. The Database tracks legislation across the full life cycle of plastics and organizes policies according to life cycle categories and key topics.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Plastic Resource Libraries This project has been made possible by the generous support of the Philip Stoddard Brown and Adele Smith Brown Foundation Introduction ELAW is pleased to present this overview of laws designed to tackle the growing problem of disposable plastic. This site currently focuses on laws applied from the design of the plastic [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-34522","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"blocksy_meta":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/34522","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34522"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/34522\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":57994,"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/34522\/revisions\/57994"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34522"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}