{"id":32872,"date":"2023-06-28T19:56:13","date_gmt":"2023-06-29T03:56:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/?page_id=32872"},"modified":"2026-02-20T16:20:24","modified_gmt":"2026-02-21T00:20:24","slug":"climate","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/climate","title":{"rendered":"Strat\u00e9gies de contentieux climatique"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light generichero\" style=\"margin-top:0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1805\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-48844\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/climate-change-.-jean-bought-rights-from-can-stock-which-no-longer-exists-so-she-confirmed-we-can-use-scaled.jpeg\" style=\"object-position:46% 50%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"46% 50%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/climate-change-.-jean-bought-rights-from-can-stock-which-no-longer-exists-so-she-confirmed-we-can-use-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/climate-change-.-jean-bought-rights-from-can-stock-which-no-longer-exists-so-she-confirmed-we-can-use-336x237.jpeg 336w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/climate-change-.-jean-bought-rights-from-can-stock-which-no-longer-exists-so-she-confirmed-we-can-use-771x544.jpeg 771w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/climate-change-.-jean-bought-rights-from-can-stock-which-no-longer-exists-so-she-confirmed-we-can-use-768x541.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/climate-change-.-jean-bought-rights-from-can-stock-which-no-longer-exists-so-she-confirmed-we-can-use-1536x1083.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/climate-change-.-jean-bought-rights-from-can-stock-which-no-longer-exists-so-she-confirmed-we-can-use-2048x1444.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/climate-change-.-jean-bought-rights-from-can-stock-which-no-longer-exists-so-she-confirmed-we-can-use-18x12.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-black-background-color has-background-dim-40 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-palette-color-8-color has-text-color\">Climate Litigation Strategies<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitemain is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column subsitenavcol is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-right-width:1px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"align wp-block-ocb-offcanvas\" id='ocbOffCanvas-2' data-props='{&quot;attributes&quot;:{&quot;cId&quot;:&quot;2da6f395-0&quot;,&quot;btnText&quot;:&quot;Menu&quot;,&quot;btnTypo&quot;:{&quot;fontSize&quot;:15,&quot;fontWeight&quot;:600,&quot;styles&quot;:&quot;font-weight: 600; font-size: 15px; line-height: 135%;&quot;,&quot;googleFontLink&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;btnColors&quot;:{&quot;color&quot;:&quot;#fff&quot;,&quot;bg&quot;:&quot;#4527a4&quot;,&quot;bgType&quot;:&quot;solid&quot;,&quot;gradient&quot;:&quot;linear-gradient(135deg, #4527a4, #8344c5)&quot;,&quot;styles&quot;:&quot;color: #fff; background: #4527a4;&quot;},&quot;popupBG&quot;:{&quot;color&quot;:&quot;#fff&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;solid&quot;,&quot;gradient&quot;:&quot;linear-gradient(135deg, #4527a4, #8344c5)&quot;,&quot;image&quot;:[],&quot;position&quot;:&quot;center center&quot;,&quot;attachment&quot;:&quot;initial&quot;,&quot;repeat&quot;:&quot;no-repeat&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;cover&quot;,&quot;overlayColor&quot;:&quot;#000000b3&quot;,&quot;styles&quot;:&quot;background: #fff;&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;titleTypo&quot;:{&quot;fontSize&quot;:18,&quot;fontWeight&quot;:500,&quot;styles&quot;:&quot;font-weight: 500; font-size: 18px; line-height: 135%;&quot;,&quot;googleFontLink&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;closeBtnColor&quot;:&quot;var(--theme-palette-color-1, 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0, 0)&quot;},&quot;opacity&quot;:0.1,&quot;blur&quot;:0},&quot;closeBtn&quot;:{&quot;bg&quot;:&quot;#0000&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:16,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;top-right&quot;,&quot;shadow&quot;:[{&quot;hOffset&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;vOffset&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;blur&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;spread&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;color&quot;:&quot;rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16)&quot;,&quot;isInset&quot;:false}]}},&quot;TrpContentRestriction&quot;:{&quot;restriction_type&quot;:&quot;exclude&quot;,&quot;selected_languages&quot;:[],&quot;panel_open&quot;:true}},&quot;content&quot;:&quot;\\n\\n&lt;ul class=\\&quot;wp-block-list\\&quot;&gt;\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#introduction\\&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#mitigation\\&quot;&gt;Mitigation&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#adaptation\\&quot;&gt;Adaptation&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#damage\\&quot;&gt;Damage&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#climateimpact\\&quot;&gt;Climate Impact Assessment&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#unfccc\\&quot;&gt;UNFCCC&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#causation\\&quot;&gt;Causation&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#science\\&quot;&gt;Science&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#precautionaryprinciple\\&quot;&gt;Precautionary Principle&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=\\&quot;#constitutionalcases\\&quot;&gt;Constitutional Cases&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/li&gt;\\n&lt;\\\/ul&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;div class=\\&quot;wp-block-columns librarycta is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-e761e23f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\\&quot; id=\\&quot;librarycta\\&quot; style=\\&quot;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\\&quot;&gt;\\n&lt;div class=\\&quot;wp-block-column has-palette-color-6-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\\&quot; style=\\&quot;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\\&quot;&gt;\\n&lt;h5 class=\\&quot;wp-block-heading has-palette-color-1-color has-text-color\\&quot;&gt;Climate Resource Library&lt;\\\/h5&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;p class=\\&quot;wp-block-paragraph\\&quot;&gt;Library of Climate-Related Decisions&lt;\\\/p&gt;\\n\\n\\n\\n&lt;div class=\\&quot;wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\\&quot;&gt;\\n&lt;div class=\\&quot;wp-block-button is-style-primary-button\\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\\&quot;wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\\&quot; href=\\&quot;\\\/climate-resource-library\\\/\\&quot;&gt;View Library&lt;\\\/a&gt;&lt;\\\/div&gt;\\n&lt;\\\/div&gt;\\n&lt;\\\/div&gt;\\n&lt;\\\/div&gt;\\n\\n&quot;}'><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"subsitemenu\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#mitigation\">Mitigation Cases<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#adaptation\">Adaptation Cases<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#damage\">Damage cases against climate polluters<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#climateimpact\">Integrating Climate Considerations into Decision-Making<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#unfccc\">Key foundations of Climate Litigation Decisions<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns librarycta is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-e761e23f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"librarycta\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-palette-color-6-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-palette-color-1-color has-text-color\">Climate Resource Library<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Library of Climate-Related Decisions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"\/climate-resource-library\/\">View Library<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column subsitemaincontent is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"introduction\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-0073d3bb wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0px;padding-top:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Introduction<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The damage that humans are doing to the global climate may be one of the gravest injustices of all time. Some people are profiting enormously from damaging the climate, while others are bearing the costs. Many who will suffer the most are contributing almost nothing to the damage. Climate change also poses a disproportionate burden on future generations, who will face the escalating consequences of global inaction.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Climate litigation: a powerful tool for justice<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As one tool to address this imbalance and compel governments and corporations to take action on global warming, activists, civil society organizations and public interest lawyers have been mobilizing and taking cases to courts and tribunals around the world.<\/p>\n<p>Tribunals are considering a growing number of climate cases and acknowledging States\u2019 duties to protect the rights of those impacted by the changing climate; to take bolder action to stop harmful emissions; to help communities adapt; to evaluate climate impacts before approving projects; to keep commitments they have made in the international arena; and more. Courts are also holding private actors contributing to climate change responsible as well.<\/p>\n<p>Over the past few decades, the judiciary has started to play a pivotal role in advancing climate justice. Almost twenty years ago, the United States Supreme Court noted: \u201cThe harms associated with climate change are serious and well recognized.\u201d Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U.S. 497 (2007).<\/p>\n<p>More recently, the European Court of Human Rights Grand Chamber highlighted the Judiciary&#8217;s role in this matter:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&#8220;Judicial intervention, including by this Court, cannot replace or provide any substitute for the action which must be taken by the legislative and executive branches of the government. However, democracy cannot be reduced to the will of the majority of the electorate and elected representatives, in disregard of the requirements of the rule of law. The remit of domestic courts and the Court is therefore complementary to those democratic processes. The task of the judiciary is to ensure the necessary oversight of compliance with legal requirements. . . .<\/p>\n<p>By their commitment to the UNFCCC, the States Parties have undertaken the obligation to protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind . . . . In the present context, having regard to the prospect of aggravating consequences arising for future generations, the intergenerational perspective underscores the risk inherent in the relevant political decision-making processes, namely that short-term interests and concerns may come to prevail over, and at the expense of, pressing needs for sustainable policy-making, rendering that risk particularly serious and adding justification for the possibility of judicial review.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/verein-klimaseniorinnen-schweiz-and-others-v-switzerland-application-no-53600-20-grand-chamber-european-court-of-human-rights-strasbourg-9-april-2024\">KlimaSeniorinnen v. Switzerland<\/a> (April 9, 2024), at paras. 412 and 420.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Driving change through legal innovation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Gradually, citizens have been pushing governments into action and making significant strides in holding different actors accountable \u2013 but more must be done to protect threatened communities and the environment. After more than two decades of climate litigation, public interest lawyers must continue to defend the rights of those harmed by climate change and ensure courts provide appropriate and effective remedies for climate impacts.<\/p>\n<p>At ELAW, as this important area of environmental and human rights law evolves, we are tracking and sharing decisions and legal strategies that show promise for achieving climate justice. Our <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/climate-resource-library?_resource_topics=climate-change\">database<\/a> compiles judgments from around the world and provides practical insights for building robust climate cases.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Explore our resources<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Whether you are new to climate litigation or an experienced practitioner seeking fresh ideas, ELAW hopes that the brief resources made available in the <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/climate-resource-library?_resource_topics=climate-change\">Climate Case Library<\/a> can inform and inspire your work and foster collaborative learning.<\/p>\n<p>Although some of the judgments we have compiled are not climate-specific cases, they could be used to build a strong climate case. ELAW also welcomes suggestions for other legal strategies or cases that should be added to this resource.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"mitigation\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Mitigation Cases<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Driving Action to Reduce Emissions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mitigation-focused climate cases have challenged specific regulations, projects, or activities that contribute to climate change. These cases also seek orders to compel governments and corporations to take bolder actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.<\/p>\n<p>A significant example is the landmark case of <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/verein-klimaseniorinnen-schweiz-and-others-v-switzerland-application-no-53600-20-grand-chamber-european-court-of-human-rights-strasbourg-9-april-2024\">KlimaSeniorinnen v. Switzerland<\/a> in which the European Court of Human Rights underscored the necessity of comprehensive regulatory policies, stating:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&#8220;The mitigation measures are necessarily a matter of comprehensive regulatory policies in various sectors of activity . . . without effective mitigation . . ., adaptation measures cannot in themselves suffice to combat climate change&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/verein-klimaseniorinnen-schweiz-and-others-v-switzerland-application-no-53600-20-grand-chamber-european-court-of-human-rights-strasbourg-9-april-2024\">KlimaSeniorinnen v. Switzerland<\/a> (April 9, 2024), at para. 418<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/test_report_law_team2\/\">Urgenda Foundation v. The State of the Netherlands<\/a> is another prominent case on the matter. The Hague District Court ruled that the Netherlands must do more to avert the imminent danger posed by climate change in view of its duty of care to protect and improve the living environment. The Court found a sufficient causal link \u201ccan be assumed to exist\u201d between Dutch emissions, global climate change, and its effects, determining the Netherlands must reduce CO2 emissions by a minimum of 25% (compared to 1990) by 2020. C\/09\/456689\/HA ZA 13-1396 (24 June 2015) (Decision upheld by the Supreme Court in 2019).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Not only States have the duty to mitigate<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mitigation cases have also expanded to require corporations to take action. Recent lawsuits demand that companies align their emissions reporting and reduction targets with scientific assessments.<\/p>\n<p>In a landmark decision in 2021, a Dutch court ordered Royal Dutch Shell to reduce its carbon emissions by 45% by 2023, compared to 2019 levels. Although the Court of Appeal in the Hague overturned the judgement by refusing to impose a specific reduction target for Shell, it acknowledged Shell&#8217;s general duty of care to mitigate climate change. Royal Dutch Shell plc. V. Milieudefensie et al., 200.302.332\/01 (Hague Court of Appeal 12 November 2024), at para. 7.26.<\/p>\n<p>To explore the full summary of these and other cases on mitigation efforts, visit our <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/climate-resource-library?_resource_topics=climate-change\">Climate Case Library<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>How can science help you in your climate mitigation case?<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Climate mitigation cases can be aided using science to conduct or verify greenhouse gas emissions estimates and to assess whether corporations or countries are on track to meet relevant greenhouse gas emissions targets. For example, in a case challenging a project with an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), a scientist could check to see if the EIA used appropriate assumptions, emissions factors, and global warming potential values in calculating greenhouse gas emissions estimates and whether or not all relevant sources of emissions were included in those estimates (see ELAW\u2019s guidebook \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/evaluate-eias-for-oil-and-gas-projects\">How to Evaluate Environmental Impact Assessments for Oil and Gas Projects<\/a>\u201d for more detail). Scientists can also use published scientific research and reports from reputable organizations like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and International Energy Agency (IEA) to help demonstrate that greenhouse gas emissions from new fossil fuel projects are incompatible with relevant corporate or national GHG reduction and net-zero targets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"adaptation\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Adaptation Cases<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Building Resilience to Climate Impacts<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Climate adaptation cases aim to hold governments or private entities accountable for failing to protect people and ecosystems from the adverse impacts of climate change. Courts are gently recognizing a duty to safeguard citizens from these impacts and to help build resiliency through proactive measures.<\/p>\n<p>In Pakistan, a farmer successfully filed a public interest litigation alleging the government\u2019s inaction in implementing the National Climate Change Policy and addressing vulnerabilities associated with climate change violated fundamental constitutional rights to life and dignity. When deciding the case, the Green Bench of the Lahore High Court emphasized the importance of intergenerational equity and the precautionary principle, directing officials to draft adaptation measures and established a Climate Change Commission to help the Court oversee implementation. <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/ashgar-leghari-v-federation-of-pakistan\/\">Leghari v. Federation of Pakistan<\/a> (W. P. No. 25501\/2015), Order of 4 September 20215, at para. 8.<\/p>\n<p>The duty to adapt was also emphatically invoked by the petitioners in a case brought by Torres Strait Islanders before the United Nations Human Rights Committee, highlighting the devastating effects of climate change on their traditional lands and livelihoods, including flooding and salinification. The Committee noted:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&#8220;When climate change impacts \u2013 including environmental degradation on traditional [Indigenous] lands in communities where subsistence is highly dependent on available natural resources and where alternative means of subsistence and humanitarian aid are unavailable \u2013 have direct repercussions on the right to one\u2019s home, and the adverse consequences of those impacts are serious because of their intensity or duration and the physical or mental harm that they cause, then the degradation of the environment may adversely affect the well-being of individuals and constitute foreseeable and serious violations of private and family life and the home.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/daniel-billy-ors-v-australia-ccprc135d36242019\">Daniel Billy &amp; Ors. v. Australia<\/a>, CCPR\/C\/135\/D\/3624\/2019, 2 (Sept. 22, 2022), at para. 8.12.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The Committee concluded that Australia&#8217;s failure to implement adequate adaptation measures constituted a violation of Indigenous rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, underscoring States\u2019 obligation to prevent foreseeable harm.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>These cases illustrate how courts are advancing adaptation efforts by holding governments accountable for their responsibilities to vulnerable communities and how legal frameworks can compel action to protect fundamental rights. For additional examples and detailed summaries of the cases mentioned above, visit ELAW <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/climate-resource-library?_resource_topics=climate-change\">Climate Case Library<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>How can scientific evidence strengthen your climate adaptation case?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Climate adaptation cases can be strengthened by taking into consideration scientific evidence on past and expected future climate change under different scenarios, the impacts of climate change on human health and the environment, and the effectiveness of different adaptation measures. For example, scientific predictions of future sea-level rise and storm strengthening can help determine the adequacy of planned or completed adaptation measures in coastal areas. Similarly, water quality data and modeling could be used to inform discussions of adaptation relating to protecting drinking water supplies from saltwater intrusion; or modeling of future extreme heat days could be used to determine if a government has provided adequate cooling shelters to protect the public.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"damage\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Damage cases against climate polluters<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Several cases have been filed seeking damages from entities responsible for climate change, but these cases are still working their way through the courts, so we don\u2019t have any helpful decisions to share at this point.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/resource\/holding-corporations-accountable-for-damaging-the-climate-elaw-report-2014\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ELAW has a report<\/a>\u00a0describing laws and jurisprudence in a few countries that could be used to bring strong cases.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"climateimpact\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>Integrating Climate Considerations into Decision-Making<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Environmental Impact Assessments<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is one of the most critical and commonly used tools to inform decision-makers and the public about the anticipated environmental, social, and economic impacts of a proposed development or activity. Not all <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/elm\">EIA laws<\/a> specifically call out climate as an aspect of the environment that must be addressed in impact assessments, leading sometimes to gaps in decision-making. Courts around the world are making it clear that even if climate is not specifically named in a law, the climate is part of the environment and potential impacts on climate change cannot be ignored during the EIA process.<\/p>\n<p>The Inter-American Court of Human Rights&#8217; recent Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and Human Rights highlights this issue and points out:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201cIn view of the fact that harm to the climate system constitutes environmental damage that States are obliged to prevent, environmental impact assessments should explicitly include an evaluation of the potential effects on this system. In particular, those projects or activities that pose a risk of generating significant GHG emissions should be subject to a climate impact assessment. [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p>In accordance with this Court\u2019s jurisprudence, the regulation of environmental impact assessments, which should also encompass the assessment of climate impact, must be clear, at a minimum, as regards: (i) the proposed activities and the impact that must be assessed (areas and aspects to be covered); (ii) the process for conducting an environmental impact assessment (requirements and procedures steps); (iii) the responsibilities and duties of project promotors, competent authorities and decision-making bodies (responsibilities and duties); (iv) how the environmental impact assessment process to determine the climate impact and the results will be used to obtain approval of the proposed actions (relationship to decision-making), and (v) the steps and measures to be taken in the event that due process is not followed when conducting the environmental impact assessment or implementing the approval terms and conditions (compliance and implementation).<\/p>\n<p>In this regard, they [States] should consider the best available science and knowledge, the mitigation strategy and target which they should have defined previously, and the irreversible nature of climate impacts. [&#8230;]\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Advisory Opinion OC-32\/25 (May 29, 2025), para. 359, 361 and 363.<\/p>\n<p>In South Africa, the High Court&#8217;s decision in <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/earthlife-africa-johannesburg-v-minister-of-environmental-affairs-and-others-case-no-65662-16-2017\/\">Earthlife Africa Johannesburg v. Minister of Environmental Affairs<\/a> and others, Case no. 65662\/16 (2017), required climate impacts to be assessed for a proposed coal-fired power plant. The court considered climate impacts &#8220;undoubtedly a relevant consideration\u201d [para. 87] and emphasized that even without explicit statutory requirements, these implications of such projects are critical.<\/p>\n<p>In Australia, the New South Wales Land and Environment Court declared that the impact of burning coal at a power plant should be studied as an indirect impact of coal mining. The court rejected arguments that the global nature of climate change or the difficulty in quantifying emissions exempted such an analysis, reaffirming the obligation to account for greenhouse gas contributions as part of the EIA process. The Court noted that:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201cWhile the Court has a limited role in judicial review proceedings in that it is not to intrude on the merits of the administrative decision under challenge\u2026it is apparent that there is a failure to take the principle of intergenerational equity into account by a requirement for a detailed GHG assessment in the [environmental assessment] if the major component of GHG which results from the use of the coal\u2026is not required to be assessed.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/gray-v-minister-for-planning\/\">Gray v. The Minister for Planning<\/a> [2006] NSWLEC 720, at para. 126.<\/p>\n<p>According to information published by the Court itself, Colombia&#8217;s Constitutional Court concluded that the failure to include climate change-related impacts in environmental impact assessment prevents the State from fulfilling its constitutional duties, including guaranteeing the right to a healthy environment. Among other measures, the Court ordered the Congress to issue regulations specifying the variables, measures, and tools that the State must use to assess the climate impacts of projects, works, and activities requiring the State authorization. <em>See<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteconstitucional.gov.co\/comunicados\/comunicado%2029%20-%20julio%2011%20de%202024.pdf?ref=the-wave.net\">information provided by the <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteconstitucional.gov.co\/comunicados\/comunicado%2029%20-%20julio%2011%20de%202024.pdf?ref=the-wave.net\">Constitutional<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteconstitucional.gov.co\/comunicados\/comunicado%2029%20-%20julio%2011%20de%202024.pdf?ref=the-wave.net\"> Court <\/a>about a judgment that has not yet been published in full (C-280\/24 (July 11 2024) M.P. Antonio Jos\u00e9 Lizarazo Ocampo Case n. D-15447).\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5><strong>What should an analysis of impacts to the climate as part of an EIA look like?<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>In 2012, the International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) outlined international best practice principles, emphasizing that environmental impact assessments should clearly analyze whether a project will increase or decrease greenhouse gas emissions, either directly or indirectly. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iaia.org\/uploads\/pdf\/SP8.pdf\">Climate Change in Impact Assessment: International Best Practice Principles, Special Publication Series No. 8. (March 2018)<\/a>, p. 2.<\/p>\n<p>Courts worldwide are increasingly weighing in on the adequacy of climate impact assessments, as well.<\/p>\n<p>In the South African case described above, the Court found that the Department of Environmental Affairs issued its decision granting an environmental authorization for a coal-fired power plant based only on \u201cscant climate change information consisting of [a] single paragraph in the EIR, which\u2026was wholly insufficient.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/earthlife-africa-johannesburg-v-minister-of-environmental-affairs-and-others-case-no-65662-16-2017\/\">Earthlife Africa Johannesburg v. Minister of Environmental Affairs<\/a> and others, Case no. 65662\/16 (2017) at para. 94. The Court explained that \u201can environmental impact assessment is inherently open-ended and context specific. The scoping process that precedes an environmental impact assessment provides opportunity for delineating the exercise and guidance on the nature of the climate change impacts that must be assessed and considered.\u201d <em>Id. <\/em>at para. 89.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, in <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/uk_finch_20june2024\">R (on the application of Finch on behalf of the Weald Action Group) v Surrey County Council<\/a> (UKSC 20, 2024), the UK Supreme Court held that an environmental impact assessment for an oil extraction project was unlawful because it failed to assess the greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the inevitable combustion of the oil produced. <em>Id. <\/em>at para. 45. The Court emphasized that the purpose of extracting fossil fuels is to make hydrocarbons available for combustion and that, once oil is extracted, it will \u201cwith virtual certainty\u201d result in greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global warming. <em>Id.<\/em> at para. 2.<\/p>\n<p>Interpreting the EU Environmental Impact Assessment Directive, the Court emphasized that EIAs must assess the direct and indirect significant effects of a project on the climate (para. 16), and that there is no basis for excluding environmental harm simply because it occurs outside the project site or national territory. <em>Id. <\/em>at paras. 93\u201394. The Court rejected arguments that downstream (scope 3) emissions fall outside the scope of assessment due to lack of control, absence of mitigation measures, or reliance on other regulatory regimes (paras. 102\u2013108), underscoring that the purpose of the EIA process is to ensure informed public participation and democratic decision-making on projects with significant climate impacts. <em>Id. <\/em>at para. 154.<\/p>\n<p>Learn more about these and other climate-related EIA cases in our <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/climate-resource-library?_resource_topics=climate-change\">database<\/a> and check out ELAW\u2019s guidebook \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/evaluate-eias-for-oil-and-gas-projects\">How to Evaluate Environmental Impact Assessments for Oil and Gas Projects<\/a>\u201d if you are interested in how climate change considerations should be integrated into Environmental Impact Assessments.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" id=\"unfccc\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns subsitetopicheader is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center subsitetopicheader-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong><strong>Key foundations of Climate Litigation Decisions<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>As courts around the world are increasingly addressing climate-related disputes, grounds for their decisions are often a combination of international law, human rights frameworks, constitutional rights, legal principles, and scientific evidence.<\/p>\n<p><strong>International Climate Law<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Treaties like the Paris Agreement and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) create legally binding obligations and provide States a framework under which governments should make decisions. Courts often invoke these treaties to assess government and corporate responsibilities. In a case brought by an environmental organization and Dutch citizens, the Hague District Court in the Netherlands reviewed that country\u2019s responsibilities under the UNFCCC legal regime and recognized that these international commitments create \u201cthe framework for and the manner in which the State exercises its powers\u201d to protect citizens against the imminent danger caused by climate change. <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/test_report_law_team2\/\">Urgenda Foundation v. The State of the Netherlands<\/a>, C\/09\/456689\/HA ZA 13-1396 (24 June 2015) (Para.4.63) (Decision upheld by the Supreme Court in 2019). Similarly, a South African court has determined the UNFCCC requires State Parties to take climate impacts into account and that climate impact assessments are required to ensure the country meets the commitments it made under the Paris Agreement. <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/earthlife-africa-johannesburg-v-minister-of-environmental-affairs-and-others-case-no-65662-16-2017\/\">Earthlife Africa Johannesburg v. Minister of Environmental Affairs<\/a> and others, Case no. 65662\/16 (2017), at para. 83, 90.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Human Rights <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The European Court of Human Rights has interpreted States\u2019 obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights when finding that inadequate climate action violates the right to private and family life (article 8) and the right to life (article 2). <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/verein-klimaseniorinnen-schweiz-and-others-v-switzerland-application-no-53600-20-grand-chamber-european-court-of-human-rights-strasbourg-9-april-2024\">KlimaSeniorinnen v. Switzerland<\/a> (April 9, 2024).<\/p>\n<p>The Inter-American Court of Human Rights affirmed the relationship between environmental protection and human rights in its <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/iachr_co2317\">Advisory Opinion OC-23\/17 (2017)<\/a>, emphasizing that environmental degradation and the adverse effects of climate change affect the effective enjoyment of human rights. Id. at para. 47. More recently, the Court released an extensive Advisory Opinion in which it clarifies the scope of general human rights obligations in the context of the climate emergency, State&#8217;s obligations arising from substantive and procedural human rights, as well as obligations derived from the principle of equality and non-discrimination. Advisory Opinion OC-32\/25 (May 29, 2025).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Science<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Robust climate science, particularly findings from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), also plays a critical role in establishing the causal link between emissions, climate impacts, and harm to communities or ecosystems. Courts rely on this evidence to assess causation and foreseeability of harm.<\/p>\n<p>The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), when delivering its unanimous Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and International Law, considered that \u201cthe assessments of the IPCC relating to climate related risks and climate change mitigation deserve particular consideration\u201d and that the best available science should be used to determine necessary measures \u201cto prevent, reduce and control marine pollution from anthropogenic GHG emissions\u201d. ITLOS, Case n. 31, at para. 208 and IX.3.a.b.<\/p>\n<p>The European Court of Human Rights also highlighted the relevance of international commitments undertaken by States and the \u201ccogent scientific evidence provided, in particular, by the IPCC\u201d when stated that States \u201cneed to put in place the necessary regulations and measures aimed at preventing an increase in GHG concentrations in the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere and a rise in global average temperature [&#8230;]\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/verein-klimaseniorinnen-schweiz-and-others-v-switzerland-application-no-53600-20-grand-chamber-european-court-of-human-rights-strasbourg-9-april-2024\">KlimaSeniorinnen v. Switzerland<\/a> (April 9, 2024), at para. 546.<\/p>\n<p>More recently, the Intar-American Court of Human Rights referred to a \u201cright to science\u201d as well recognized by numerous international instruments. Advisory Opinion OC-32\/25 (May 29, 2025), para. 471.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201c[&#8230;] the Court stresses that, although the right to science has a substantive dimension, in the context of environmental protection and, specifically, of the climate emergency, it can also be considered a procedural right. Indeed, this right constitutes an essential means for effective access to fundamental rights, including the capacity to meet \u201cthe needs common to all humanity\u201d and to address possible \u201cadverse consequences for integrity, dignity and the human rights of the individual,\u201d as well as one of the objective bases for public decision-making.<\/p>\n<p>[&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p>Bearing in mind the intrinsic value and characteristics of each type of knowledge, the Court considers that, according to an evolutionary interpretation, the \u201cright to science\u201d not only encompasses access to benefits obtained from science in the strict sense, but also, as indicated in the title of Article 14 of the Protocol of San Salvador, access to culture or, more precisely, to the benefits that may be obtained from forms of knowledge related to it, that is, from local, traditional and Indigenous knowledge.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Id., at para. 473, 477.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Precautionary principle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Courts have also found that the precautionary principle should be applied to protect the right to a healthy environment and to justify stronger climate protections. In a case addressing impacts of climate change in Pakistan, the Lahore High Court Green Bench concluded that fundamental rights interpreted in conjunction with constitutional principles of democracy and justice incorporate the precautionary principle. \u00a0More recently, ITLOS found that the obligation to \u201ctake measures necessary to conserve the living marine resources threatened by climate change impacts and ocean acidification \u2026 requires the application of the precautionary approach and an ecosystem approach&#8221;. ITLOS, Case n. 31, at IX.3.b.e.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Constitutional Law and climate impacts in fundamental rights<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Courts are recognizing that climate change is impacting people&#8217;s fundamental rights.<\/p>\n<p>Courts in many countries have determined the right to life inherently incorporates the right to live in a healthy environment. Courts in India, Bangladesh, and others have specifically mentioned that polluting the atmosphere should be regarded as violating the right to life. In 2015, the Lahore High Court Green Bench recognized climate change as a pressing challenge, threatening food, water, and energy security, particularly for vulnerable populations. The Court invoked constitutional rights, including the right to life, to hold the government accountable for implementing climate adaptation measures in Pakistan. In <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/ashgar-leghari-v-federation-of-pakistan-1\/\">Leghari v. Federation of Pakistan<\/a>, W.P. No. 25501\/2015.<\/p>\n<p>When interpreting the South African Constitution, the Gauteng Division of the High Court declared:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Section 24 recognizes the interrelationship between the environment and development. Environmental considerations are balanced with socio-economic considerations through the ideal of sustainable development\u2026Climate change poses a substantial risk to sustainable development in South Africa. The effects of climate change, in the form of rising temperatures, greater water scarcity, and the increasing frequency of natural disasters pose substantial risks. Sustainable development is at the same time integrally linked with the principle of intergenerational justice requiring the State to take reasonable measures [to] protect the environment \u2018for the benefit of present and future generations\u2019 and hence adequate consideration of climate change. Short-term needs must be evaluated and weighed against long-term consequences.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/resource\/earthlife-africa-johannesburg-v-minister-of-environmental-affairs-and-others-case-no-65662-16-2017\/\">Earthlife Africa Johannesburg v. Minister of Environmental Affairs<\/a> and others, Case no. 65662\/16 (2017), the Gauteng Division of the High Court, para. 82 (internal citation omitted).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Explore more<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For a deeper understanding of how courts are reasoning in climate litigation \u2013 whether relying on human rights, international treaties, scientific evidence, or legal principles \u2013 visit our <a href=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/climate-resource-library?_resource_topics=climate-change\">Climate Case Library<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide anothersubsitecta is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center anothersubsitecta-inner is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-995f960e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"451\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-32628\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/coal2.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/coal2.jpg 700w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/coal2-336x216.jpg 336w, https:\/\/elaw.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/coal2-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-0 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center anothersubsitecta-rightcol is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left\">Coal  Litigation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\">Around the world, governments continue to plan new coal-fired power plants and seek to extend the life of existing plants. These facilities rain toxic pollutants and particulate matter on nearby communities, poisoning their air and water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"\/coal\/\">View Subsite<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Climate Resource Library Library of Climate-Related Decisions Introduction The damage that humans are doing to the global climate may be one of the gravest injustices of all time. Some people are profiting enormously from damaging the climate, while others are bearing the costs. Many who will suffer the most are contributing almost nothing to the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-32872","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"blocksy_meta":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/32872","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32872"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/32872\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":58097,"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/32872\/revisions\/58097"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/elaw.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32872"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}